About the Commonwealth
After 70 years of its existence, the Commonwealth is a remarkable organisation which remains a major force for change in the world today.
The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 54 independent countries, almost all of which were formerly under British rule.
The origins of the Commonwealth come from Britain's former Empire. Many of the members of the Commonwealth were territories which had historically come under British rule at various times by settlement, conquest or cession. The administration of such colonies evolved in different ways, to reflect the different circumstances of each territory.
After achieving independence, India was the first of a number of countries which decided that, although they wished to become republics, they still wanted to remain within the Commonwealth.
To reconcile these aims, the 1949 London Declaration recognised King George VI as Head of the Commonwealth. Following his death, the Commonwealth leaders recognised Queen Elizabeth II in that capacity.
The role of Head of the Commonwealth is not hereditary, however following an unanimous decision by Commonwealth leaders in 2018, following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, His Majesty The King became Head of the Commonwealth.
The King and the Commonwealth
The King is Sovereign of 14 Commonwealth realms in addition to the UK. His Majesty is also Head of the Commonwealth itself, a voluntary association of 56 independent countries.
This is an important symbolic and unifying role. As Head, The King personally reinforces the links by which the Commonwealth joins people together from around the world.
One of the ways of strengthening these connections is through regular Commonwealth visits.
Commonwealth visits
During her reign, The Queen visited every country in the Commonwealth (with the exception of Cameroon, which joined in 1995 and Rwanda which joined in 2009) and made many repeat visits. One third of The Queen's total overseas visits were to Commonwealth countries.
Almost every year of her reign, The Queen attended the Commonwealth Day celebrations in London. Since 1977, Commonwealth Day has been celebrated throughout the Commonwealth on the second Monday in March. An inter-denominational service is held in Westminster Abbey, followed by a reception hosted by the Commonwealth Secretary General.
The King and The Queen Consort and other members of the Royal Family are also regular visitors to the Commonwealth.
The King keeps in touch with Commonwealth developments through regular contact with the Commonwealth Secretary General and her Secretariat. This is the Commonwealth's central organisation.
Based in London, it co-ordinates many Commonwealth activities. His Majesty also has regular meetings with Heads of Government from Commonwealth countries.
Origins of the Commonwealth
The origins of the Commonwealth lie in Britain's former colonial empire.
Until 1949, the member states of today's Commonwealth were united through common allegiance to the British Crown.
After the Second World War, many countries sought their independence. Soon after attaining independence in 1947, India declared that it wished to adopt a republican constitution, but also wanted to remain within the Commonwealth.
This was accepted in the London Declaration agreed at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in 1949, provided that India accepted King George VI as "the symbol of the free association of the independent Member Nations and as such Head of the Commonwealth".
Over the next two decades, British rule ended in many parts of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean and the Pacific.
With a few exceptions (such as Myanmar, formerly known as Burma), the newly independent countries joined the Commonwealth and recognised King George VI and, following his death, Queen Elizabeth II, as Head of the Commonwealth. King Charles III is now Head of the Commonwealth.
The London Declaration made it possible for the Asian and African states of the former Empire, most of which wished to become republics, to remain within the Commonwealth upon attaining independence. This has led to the development of the contemporary Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth symbolises the transformation of the Crown from an emblem of dominion into a symbol of free and voluntary association. In all history this has no precedent
Member countries of the Commonwealth can therefore have different constitutions: a republic with a president as Head of State (such as India and South Africa), an indigenous monarchy (for example, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland and Tonga), a sultanate (Brunei), an elected Paramount Chieftaincy (Western Samoa), or a realm recognising The Queen as Sovereign (for example the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Barbados).
Whichever form their constitution takes, member countries all recognise The King as Head of the Commonwealth.
Today the Commonwealth continues to play an important social and political role in the world, as a major association of countries.
The term 'Commonwealth' was first used by British Liberal politician Lord Rosebery in Adelaide, Australia, in 1884. During a famous speech, he referred to the British Empire as 'a Commonwealth of Nations'.
The role of the Monarchy
The King is Head of the Commonwealth. This is an important symbolic and unifying role. As Head, His Majesty personally reinforces the links by which the Commonwealth joins people together from around the world.
In 1949 the London Declaration recognised the British Monarch as the symbol of the free association of independent member nations and as Head of the Commonwealth. After the death of her father King George VI and her accession to the throne, The Queen became Head of the Commonwealth, recognised by Commonwealth leaders in that capacity.
Throughout Her Majesty’s reign, the Commonwealth has grown from just eight nations to 54 members representing two billion people. During this time, The Queen has played a unique part as a symbol of unity and strength at the heart of the Commonwealth.
One of the ways of strengthening these connections is through regular Commonwealth visits.
During her reign, The Queen undertook more than 200 visits to Commonwealth countries and visited every country of the Commonwealth (with the exception of Cameroon, which joined in 1995 and Rwanda which joined in 2009) as well as making many repeat visits.
One third of The Queen's total overseas visits were to Commonwealth countries.
The Prince of Wales, now King Charless III and other members of the Royal Family are also regular visitors to the Commonwealth.
The King keeps in touch with Commonwealth developments through regular contact with the Commonwealth Secretary-General and her Secretariat. This is the Commonwealth's central organisation.
Based in London, it co-ordinates many Commonwealth activities. His Majesty also has regular meetings with Heads of Government from Commonwealth countries.
Commonwealth Governance
Since 1971, the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) has been held every two years, at locations throughout the Commonwealth.
The Head of the Commonwealth present in the host country, during which they would have a series of private meetings with the Commonwealth countries’ leaders, attends a CHOGM reception and dinner, where they would make a speech. The Queen was present at every CHOGM since 1973 to witness the tremendous change and progress the Commonwealth has made with every meeting.
In 1959, The Queen made available the former Royal Palace of Marlborough House for Commonwealth purposes, and in 1965 it became the headquarters of the newly formed Commonwealth Secretariat.
His Majesty keeps in touch with Commonwealth developments through regular contact with the Commonwealth Secretary-General and her Secretariat. The King also has regular meetings with Heads of Government from Commonwealth countries.
In December 2012, Commonwealth leaders adopted an historic new Charter for the Commonwealth which reaffirms the core values that unite the Commonwealth. The Charter was presented to The Queen at the Commonwealth Day reception on 11 March, 2013.
